Breast care was also needed to be healthy and beautiful. Abnormalities in the breast occurs in various forms. Some are caused by congenital factors, or because the abnormality hormone. According to dr. Sonar Soni Panigoro, SpB.K-Onk of Tumor Surgery Clinic Swadana RSCM, Jakarta, in broad outline disorders in female breast is divided into five groups, namely:

1. Breast Infections

These infections are divided in two, infection in the breastfeeding and the infection that often occur. Infection can be caused by germs or viruses from outside the entrance into the body. Usually, breasts will appear swollen and the pain complaints. Breast infections are more common in women who are breastfeeding. The reason is, breast milk is the most fertile medium for the growth of disease germs. If there are obstacles in the process of spending the milk, the bacteria become easier to enter.

Women who are breastfeeding often complained of fever. In addition, the breasts will be sore. If the infection is severe, can be popped like pimples. However, it is quite possible infection also experienced women who are not breastfeeding. This is due to the entry of bacteria in the lining of the breast gland.

2. Congenital abnormalities

Human breast really like the animals. Humans have six pairs of breasts. The position will be the forerunner of the base starts breast armpit to the groin. At 10 weeks gestation, this will be lost, except on the left and right chest. In some people, these phases could be hampered. This can cause the breast to grow more than a pair. Therefore, some women have more than a pair of breasts. In fact, this is sometimes equipped with additional breast nipple as well.

Large-extra small breast gland is too varied. More often, the presence of breast glandular lumps on one side of the armpit. But, there is also a breast glands are not formed completely, or the development of both breasts is not normal.

Women with such disorders are usually not comfortable with her body condition. Not rare, inherited disorders is to make a woman lose her self-confidence. Your doctor will take steps aesthetic surgery. According to Sonar, the emergence of additional breast gland is also to be carefully watched. “You see, breast lumps that grow as these additional possibilities could develop into tumors.”

3. Hormone Status

Hormonal disorders quite often complained by women. Arising from pain and soreness in the breast. Complaints often occur before the menstrual period or when you arrive. “The pain varies, there is a common pain, but there’s also an incredible pain,” said Sonar.

Prepared the body to produce breast milk in late pregnancy. When menstruation, breast condition is influenced by female hormones. “This makes the breast feels more solid and firm. Quite often accompanied by the appearance of lumps, other liquid out of both nipples.” Sonar assuming a hormonal disorder is a reaction to the fair. “Except when they appear extreme pain, you should immediately visit the doctor.”

4. Neoplasms, Tumors

Tumors were benign and malignant divided. “During these 30 years, more patients in Indonesia after the doctors came to his having entered the tumor advanced stage,” said Sonar. That of course resulted in medical treatment given is not maximal.

5. Other disorders

One is the trauma to the breast. “Trauma can occur because of the concussion in the breast,” said Sonar.

CHECK ON AGE

Abnormalities in the breast is more prevalent in women over 35 years. However, it is quite possible abnormalities also appear in women under 35 years old. Therefore, Sonar suggested that a routine inspection. “For screening for presence of breast tumors,” he said. In the medical world, there are three steps to detect abnormalities in the breast, ie, BSE (Breast Self-Check), USG (Ultra sonography) and Mammography, which is different at each age level.

# Age 20s
BSE can be done by every young woman who has got menstruation and breast glands begin to form. BSE can be done independently at home, can also be a doctor. “This is because early-stage breast lumps are often not seen and not felt.” BSE is detected early to know the changes that may occur in the breast.

# Age 30s
Women above 30 year fixed advised to check the condition of the breast by BSE. In addition, Sonar suggested that conduct investigation, including ultrasound examination. ‘The use of ultrasound may be more extensive, for young women up to advanced in years.

# Age 40s
Apart from BSE and checked through ultrasound, women aged 40s should also do X-ray or mammography. ‘Mammography is more restricted. This tool can only be used for women aged 40’s, which has reduced breast firmness, because mammography is used to view the entire structure of the breast. If the breasts are dense, it is more difficult to detect through mammography abnormalities, “said Sonar.

INFECTION

Infections that cause sore throat, can be sourced from 3 things, namely oral health and dental, tonsils as a source of infection, and sinusitis. Poor personal hygiene of the mouth, especially the teeth, can cause sore throat. Rotten teeth or holes into the homes for germs. This germ is then entered into the throat and cause infections. “To prevent it, should be diligent in maintaining oral hygiene and dental. If there are rotten teeth or holes, should be immediately addressed. For example, patched or revoked.”

Infection of the tonsils can also causes strep throat. Tonsils are actually very functional for children 4 -10 years of age because it is part of the body’s defenses. Mainly upper respiratory. Tonsils which are no longer functions will be a gathering place for the bacteria that cause infections of the throat.

The third source is the cause of throat infection sinusitis. “Everyone has a few pairs of organs called the paranasal sinuses, is in cheek, near the eyes, forehead, and near the brain. If these organs become inflamed, it is called sinusitis,” light. In people with chronic sinusitis, the mucus will continue to flow in the back of the throat and nose. This caused irritation to the throat and cause inflammation.

Sore throat due to infection should be treated with a healing source. “If the infection because the teeth, yes, teeth treated. Likewise tonsils and sinuses. If strep throat is treated, but the teeth, tonsils, or sinuses as a source of infection is not treated.

In addition to bacteria, strep throat can also occur because the virus, when colds and flu. However, sore throat due to colds and flu will disappear by itself, as the recovery of the disease. “Mild flu can race with endurance. That is, if a good immune system, he would make his own fence, so do not always need antibiotics. But, if more than a week sore throat that accompanies the flu is not lost, especially if you added a hoarse voice, could categorized as serious. Inflammation can come down to the vocal cords.

Sore throat due to germs can be transmitted through saliva, while those caused by airborne viruses. “So, be careful and watch around if anyone is having sore throat.”

IRRITATION & ALLERGIES
Irritation can also be a culprit sore throat. This is because the food intake, foods that are too spicy, too sour, too hot or cold, and foods that are too gummy. “Gummy foods, eg fruit. So, do not all fruit is safe, especially in those who have allergies, because it can irritate the throat.” To prevent that, “Better not eat fruits in the amount too much.”

Irritation was also common in those who worked in a factory environment. Installation is inhaled chemicals can cause irritation and inflammation of the throat. Therefore, it is important mask.

While an allergy is a hypersensitivity reaction to people who have it. Allergies can be caused by various things, like food and drinks, certain drugs, weather, and dust. Allergenic substances called allergens. When allergens enter the body’s allergic, your body will remove any substances that cause allergies. As a result, there is certain reactions, such as itching or coughing.

A food allergic reaction can cause pain in the throat. In addition, frequent sore throats who are allergic to those types of certain fruits and processed products, such as juice. “Be careful, not all juice is safe for people who experience recurrent sore throat due to allergies. Often cough and sore throat. Most often precisely in tomato juice.”

Used cooking oil is also a frequent cause of allergies and cause sore throats. “People who are allergic to cooking oil used to always change the oil every time you fry.”

Allergies can not be treated because it is innate from birth. The best way to avoid allergic reactions is to avoid the cause and improve or maintain endurance. “The better endurance, lower levels of sensitivity that cause allergic reactions.”

What about cervical cancer?
Was also just scary to some other cancers?
According to experts cancer, cervical cancer is one type of cancer the most preventable and most curable of all cancers. But, even so, in the western Australian region alone, 85 people were recorded as many positive effects on women diagnosed with cervical cancer each year. And in 1993 alone, 40 women had died a victim of this cancer malignancy.

How cervical cancer occur?
Like all cancers, cervical cancers occur characterized by the growth of cells on the cervix that is not unusual (abnormal). But before these cells become cancer cells, there are some changes experienced by these cells. Changes in these cells usually take up many years before the cells had been transformed into cancer cells. During these breaks, proper treatment will soon be able to stop the cells are abnormal cells before they turn into cancer cells. The cells are abnormal presence can be detected by a test called a Pap smear test “, so the earlier the abnormal cells were detected, the more a person’s risk cervical cancer.
It is a Pap smear test is a test that is safe and inexpensive and has been used for years to detect abnormalities that occur in cells of the cervix. This test was first discovered by Dr. George Papanicolou, so called a Pap smear test. Pap smear test is a method of examination of cells taken from the cervix and then examined under a microscope to see the changes that occur from these cells. Changes in the cells of the cervix detected early will allow treatment of certain actions taken before these cells can develop into cancer cells.
This test only takes a few minutes. In a state lying on your back, an instrument called a speculum will be inserted into the hole intercourse. This tool is to open and hold the vaginal wall in order to remain open, allowing a free view and cervix seen clearly. Cells of the cervix and then taken by way of wiping the cervix with an instrument called a spatula, a device resembling a handle on ice cream, and smears is applied to the object-glass, and then sent to a pathology laboratory for a more thorough examination.
Procedure Pap smear test may be very unpleasant for you, but will not cause pain. Perhaps you would prefer a female doctor for this procedure, but in general the general practitioners and family planning clinics can turn to for help for a Pap smear test. Try doing a Pap smear test at the time was a week or two weeks after the end of your menstrual period. If you have menopause, a Pap smear test you can do at any time. But if the bladder uterus and cervix have been removed or surgery (hysterectomy or surgical removal of bladder uterus and cervix), you no longer need to do a Pap smear test because you’re free from the risk of cervical cancer. Are Pap smear test done every two years, and better done on a regular basis. It should always remember is never too late to do a Pap smear test. Pap smear test is always required even if you are no longer doing sexual activities.

How Signs of Cervical Cancer?
Changes that occur early in cervical cells is not always a sign of cancer. Pap smear test regularly is necessary to know the early beginning of a change in the cancer cells. Changes in cancer cells may lead to further bleeding after sexual activity or between menstrual periods.
If you get these signs, you should immediately conduct investigation into the doctor. Any change or discharge (discharge) is not a normal thing, and a thorough examination must be done even if you’ve just done a Pap smear test. Even so, in general, after a thorough examination, the results are not always positive cancer.

Medical
As with other disease events, if the initial change can be detected as early as possible, action can be given treatment as early as possible. If the initial changes have been known to the general treatment is given by:

1. Heating, diathermy or laser.
2. Cone biopsy, namely by taking a few of the cells, cervical cells, including cells undergoing changes. This allows a more thorough examination to ensure that cells change. This examination can be performed by the obstetrician.

If the course of the disease has reached the stage of pre-cancer and cervical cancer have been identified, it is for healing, some things you can do is:

1. Operation, namely by taking the cancerous area, usually the uterus and cervix.
2. Radiotherapy is by using high-powered X-rays that can be done internally and externally.

Risk for esophageal cancer:
Every woman who ever had sexual intercourse has a risk of cervical cancer. Cells of the cervix may experience changes that are needed to do a Pap smear test regularly (both who have or who have never get a Pap smear test). Similarly, for those of you who smoke likely to get cervical cancer is very large.
Met Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) is often suspected as the cause of the abnormal changes of the cells of the cervix.
Having a sexual partner changing or starting sexual activity at a very young age may also increase the risk of getting cervical cancer.

What should you do to prevent cervical cancer?
The first, if you ever had sexual intercourse you should do a Pap smear test regularly every two years and this is done until you are 70 years old. In some cases doctors may recommend to perform a Pap smear test more often.
The second thing is to report any symptoms such as abnormal bleeding, especially after coitus (intercourse).
The third thing is to not smoke. Statistical data reported that the risk of cervical cancer would be higher if the woman smokes.
By doing some actions that can minimize these risks, we hope the event excluded from this cervical cancer. Hopefully.
Can you imagine, how would you feel if you know the results of ‘Pap Smear’ you gave abnormal results? Certainly you will feel worried and anxious, when you find that the results of ‘Pap Smear’ you are abnormal. But do not worry too much before, because not all the appearance of cells that are abnormal means cancer. It ‘Pap Smear’ can detect abnormalities of cells changes in the cervix at an early stage. Paradigm to remember is the early discovery of abnormalities on examination ‘Pap smear’, it will be more easily solved problem.
What does it mean if ‘Pap Smear’ you are abnormal.
Results ‘Pap Smear’ say if the abnormal cells from your cervix when examined under a microscope will give a different appearance with normal cells. This event usually occurs 1 in 10 tests ‘Pap smear’. Several factors can provide indications discovery apparition ‘Pap Smear’ abnormal is:

1. Unsatisfactory ‘Pap Smear’
In this case, means that employees in these Lab could not see the cells of your neck with details rahims that fail to make a report to your doctor komprehensive. If this case happened to you should you come back for examination ‘Pap smear’ in time to be determined by your doctor.
2. If there is infection or inflammation
Sometimes the examination ‘Pap Smear’ gives the appearance of inflammation. This means that the cells in the neck rahims experience a mild irritation in nature. Sometimes inflammation can be detected through a ‘Pap smear’, even if we do not feel the complaints because not cause clinical symptoms. Why is mixed. May have occurred due to infection by bacteria, or because the fungus’. Consult with your doctor about this problem and its treatment if necessary. Ask when you have to go through ‘Pap Smear’ again.
3. Minor Atypia or Atypia
The meaning of this situation is if the examination ‘Pap Smear’ changes detected cells rahims neck, but very minor and the cause is not clear. In this case, usually the result reported as ‘atypia’. Usually the appearance changes such cells due to inflammation, but also because it is not rare viral infection. Because to make a definitive diagnosis is not possible at this stage, your doctor may recommend you for another checkup in six months. In general, these cells will return to normal again. Thus, it is very important for you to do ‘Pap Smear’ again to make sure that the abnormalities that appear on first inspection it is not a serious disorder. If the results produce the same results then you may be advised to undergo colposcopy.

Is colposcopy it?
Colposcopy is a procedure vaginal and cervical examination rahims by a physician experienced in the field. By examining the surface rahims neck, the doctor will determine the cause of abnormality of cervical cells rahims as stated in the examination ‘Pap smear’. How to colposcopy examination were as follows: the doctor will insert a liquid into the vagina and neck tint rahims channels with a liquid that makes the surface of the rahims neck cells contain an abnormal. Then the doctor will look into the channel through the neck rahims a tool called kolposkop. Kolposkop is a binocular microscope, such a tool that uses a strong light with high magnification.
If the abnormal area was localized, the doctor will take samples of the tissue (a biopsy) for later sent to a lab for a detailed examination and accurate. Treatment will depend on the results of all your colposcopy examination.

How to your sexual activities?
At this stage, you do not have to worry about your sexual activity. You do not need to miss a sexual activity simply because the tests ‘Pap Smear’ you are positive, because it pre-cancer or cancer pain that you may not be passed on to your husband. But if you’re in a healing treatment, you should ask your doctor when you can have sex intercourse again and how often these relationships.

Should further investigation be done after completion of treatment?
Further examination after the completion of treatment is absolutely necessary to obtain assurance that the area that has been treated has been cured at all. Even if the method of treatment you get, very effective, the cells are abnormal cells can sometimes recur again, can even grow with the degree of severity is higher. So early detection is a very essential thing once. During the first two years of treatment, you are advised to undergo tests ‘Pap Smear’ every three months or six months. If after three consecutive examination results ‘Pap Smear’ you are normal, this means that you have can be declared cured, and you can do a ‘Pap smear’ once every year continuously.

source : Dr. Yohanes Riono
Dept of Surgery Holywood Hospital. (http://dokter.indo.net.id/serviks.html)

Respiratory disease is very common today. Asthma from other forms of respiratory disease, there are millions of people who suffer from various types of respiratory disorders. You should consider the fact that your respiratory system is one of the important systems you need in your body. This is why you need to know how to take care of your respiratory system to enjoy and live a normal and productive lives.

However, there are some cases where people may suffer from respiratory illnesses such as bronchitis. Bronchitis is a respiratory disease that affects the bronchial tree in which the bronchi become inflamed lungs. Tobacco smokers and people who live in areas where there are high levels of air pollution particularly affected by this disease. If you are one of these people, you have to know how to prevent bronchitis from affecting you.

First, you must understand that there are two types of bronchitis. The first is called acute bronchitis if the can survive only 10 to 12 days. The second type of bronchitis is chronic bronchitis in place may take up to three months to two years.

In acute bronchitis, it was quite easy to prevent this particular respiratory disease from affecting you. Particularly acute bronchitis caused by viruses and bacterial infections. However, there are some rare cases in which bronchitis can be caused by the fungus. People suffering from acute bronchitis may experience a cough with mucus constantly, feeling fatigue, shortness of breath, mild chest pain, mild fever, vibration in the chest when breathing, and they too will experience the cold.

The virus that causes bronchitis can be the same virus that causes the common cold. In acute bronchitis caused by a viral infection, there is no specific treatment is usually required. All you need is lots of rest, and drink plenty of non-caffeine and non-alcoholic beverages.

However, if acute bronchitis caused by bacterial infection, usually an antibiotic drug will be involved with the above-mentioned treatment. If possible, homes should have increased the patient humidity by using room humidifiers.

Usually, acute bronchitis only lasted about 10 to 12 days. However, it may be followed by or associated with the flu or a cold. Sometimes, a cough will continue during the process healing bronchus in the lungs. However, if the cough lasts longer one month, it is recommended that you should consult with your doctor as soon as conditions other than bronchitis can cause a cough.

Some people say that prevention is better than cure. This is very true. Just ask yourself about why suffering bronchitis and get it treated rather than prevent it happening. Bronchitis can prevented. You always need to wash hands thoroughly. If you are a smoker, stop smoking in order to prevent bronchitis occurred. It is also recommended that if you live in an area where there are high levels of air pollution, you should try and install some curtains or air conditioner and filters in your house so you breathe cleaner air.

Bronchitis is a respiratory disease that can cause discomfort in your life. This is why it is important that you need to know about the signs and symptoms of bronchitis so you know if you have and also for you to see if it’s time for you to consult with your doctor about it.

Always remember that bronchitis is a preventable disease. All you need to do is build a good and proper hygiene inside your house, try to reduce or stop smoking, and installing air filters in your neighborhood to let you breathe fresh and clean air. These are some things you should remember to let you know about bronchitis and also know how to prevent it from affecting you.

In addition to diseases especially women experience, such as menstrual disorders, pregnancy, and menopause, women are not spared from other common disease. Here are some specific diseases bullet woman noted.

Breast disorders

Many women who have a lump in the breast. In general, lump in the breast that spread does not require treatment, but if the pain should really pay attention. Breast self-examination is recommended once a month after the menstrual period.

Lump in the breast.

* The majority of breast lumps are not cancer, but to make sure they have checked with your doctor. There are two types of lump or tumor is a solid tumor and the tumor or a fluid-filled cysts called. Solid tumor derived from fibrous tissue (fibrous) called fibroadenomas. Typically, fibroadenomas will move when pressed. In general, the fibroadenoma is not removed unless necessary enlarged and cause problems or if the tumor is doubtful origin. Breast cyst filled with fluid, can be aspirated with a needle. Sometimes the cysts can grow again, so doctors recommend to check periodically. When a tumor or cyst was being sucked is not filled with fluid, the doctor will perform a biopsy (tissue sampling through surgically) and examined with a microscope, if the lump is cancerous or not. For menopausal women, when found a lump in the breast that lasted more than a week, or reddish color, painful or enlarged, must immediately went to the doctor.
*

Pain in the breast.

* The breasts may feel sore because of mastitis caused by infection or inflammation. Mastitis usually attack only one breast. If both breasts feel sensitive during the week before menstruation, probably it is a symptom of pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Increased levels of progesterone hormone thought to stimulate breast tissue, causing swelling, pain and tenderness. Pain in the breast without a lump, usually not a serious problem. But if the pain does not occur periodically or difficult, you should consult a doctor.

Menstrual disorders

* Menstrual disorders are the most common issues and common problems ever since he entered the woman’s fertile period. Variety of symptoms that made her uncomfortable.

Menstrual pain.

* Painful menstruation is the most common symptoms occur. During menstruation, women feel pain in the lower abdomen, sometimes extends to the hips, lower back, and thighs. There is even a feeling of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, or pain. If there is no gynecological disorders, pain is called primary dismenorhea. Caused by high levels of prostaglandin, a substance that makes the uterus contract muscles to remove the walls that are not to be used as a growing fetus. Despite the pain, the primary dismenorhea harmless, and usually will disappear in the middle ages to the 20th or after delivery. The pain caused by gynecological disorders is called secondary dismenorhea. The cause is benign tumor on the lining of the uterus (fibroids), or diseases transmitted by sexual intercourse, endometriosis, pelvic inflammation, or cysts in the ovaries.

Irregular menstruation.

* Menstrual irregularities may occur due to hormonal changes, are suffering from pain, excessive aerobic exercise, or weight change drastically.

Bleeding between periods.

* There was spontaneous or due to stimulation of excessive sex. Generally this is not serious bleeding, which can also occur due to variations in hormonal cycles, stress, or change adjustment of the new pill.

Pre-menstrual syndrome.

* Usually occurs due to physical changes in the adolescent growth or changes in emotion becomes an adult.

Interference with reproductive

* Disturbances in the reproductive machinery is also the problem that is often disturbing, because the area is most vulnerable sensitive infection.

Fluid from the vagina.

* The liquid that comes out of the vagina is one of the symptoms of inflammation of the vagina (vaginitis), which is usually caused by infection or a change of bacterial flora which normally is in the vagina. Other symptoms of itching, irritation, pain during sex, pain in lower abdomen, bleeding, and odor from the vagina. There are three germs cause, the parasite Trichomonas (Trichomoniasis is called), fungi, and bacteria (bacterial vaginosis). Trichomonas infection of the parasite is transmitted through sexual contact, causing the liquid smelling greenish yellow, and sometimes frothy. Fungal infections make the symptoms of itching, and white discharge. Disturbance is called a discharge occurs in many pregnant women, diabetics, people with anemia; or are taking antibiotics, cortisone, and birth control pills. While bacterial vaginosis infection is usually a discharge gray that smells.

Endometriosis.

* Endometriosis is a disorder of reproductive system that gives the symptoms of menstrual pain, menstrual cramps, pelvic pain during sex, pain during bowel movement or urination. Patients often experience severe pain, but there is not experiencing anything. One possible cause is interference with the immune system, ie cells that serve to clean the uterine wall is not so used, throw it away along with the process of menstruation. However, there is little tissue from the lining of the uterus lining (endometrium) is loose and immigrated to the outside of the uterus through the ovarian funnel (falopian). Tissue is then grown in other pelvic organs, pelvic wall, outside the ovary, or ovaries channel. During menstruation, blood from a small network that is absorbed by the surrounding organs, causing inflammation. Tissue injury from inflammation of the other one will be sticking together to form a blockage in the ovaries and channels, thus causing infertility.

Disorder of the urinary tract

* Urinary tract infections can occur in every woman, and tended to increase with the existence of sexual activity. Sexual relationships, pregnancy, and urination disorders make women potentially affected by a urinary tract infection with symptoms of pain or burning during urination, frequent urination, or often feel that something is pressing on urination is. Bedwetting or discharge uncontrolled urine, often caused by a mild infection or stimulation that is diuretic substances (Facilitate urine) such as caffeine (coffee), or stress.

Approximately 20% of women who resembled a discharge of clear liquid milk or spontaneously.
When doing breast self-examination (Breast Self-Examination), will be out fluid from the breast in 50-60% of white women and black women, and 40% Asian-American women.

CAUSE
* It could be: Breast abscess (most common in lactating women)
* Injury to the breast
* The drugs (eg cimetidine, metildopa, metoclopramide, oral contraceptives, fenotiazin, reserpin, tricyclic antidepressants, or verapamil)
* Prolaktioma (tumors in the brain that produces prolactin). Prolactin is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland, which triggers the growth of mammary glands and milk formation.
* Intraduktal papilloma (benign tumor that grows on the lining of the breast)
* Mammary duct (widening and hardening of the breasts due to aging lines and damage).

Nipple discharge is not due to malignancy, almost half are caused by the papilloma and the remainder are caused by changes fibrokista or duct ectasia.
Nipple discharge is a malignancy is only about 10% and almost always unilateral.

SYMPTOMS
Liquids such as milk (cloudy, whitish, thin and not sticky) is the kind of liquid most commonly found and most are caused by lactation (milk formation) or excitation mechanism due to touch your nipples, sucking or irritation of clothing during exercise or other activities.

If the fluid contains blood or watery (serous) the cause is papilloma or infection.

Usually clear liquids, like milk, yellow or green, and out of both nipples, not a sign of breast cancer.
Fluids that contain blood or diluted, especially if only one out of the nipples, is an abnormal fluid, but only about 10% of abnormal fluid malignancy.

Liquid from the nipple need special attention if: Color red or red with a thin, pink or brown
Sticky and translucent color or brown to black (glossy)
Exit spontaneously without the need to massage the nipple
Its settled
Only one out of the nipple (unilateral)
Fluid other than breast milk.

Diagnosis
* Diagnostic tests for nipple discharge include: breast biopsy (if lump is found)
* Cytology fluid
* CT scan of the head (to look for pituitary tumor)
* Mammography
* Levels of serum prolactin
* Transillumination
* Ultrasound breast
* Galaktogram or duktogram (to help find papilloma intraduktal).

TREATMENT
Standard treatment for nipple discharge is not influenced by hormones is cutting the channel.
Cutting a channel is usually done with local anesthesia and the procedure is performed through a small incision in the areola (brown area surrounding the nipple).